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All About Tsunami Wave, Signs and Early Detection

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The term “tsunami” was adopted from the Japanese, the word tsunami, tsu (津) which means harbor and nami (波), which means waves. In ancient times, after the tsunami hit, the Japanese people will soon going to the port to witness the damage caused by the tsunami, since it, they used the term of tsunami means “harbor wave.” So far, the tsunami is still considered a natural disaster that does not endanger (underrated hazard), since its arrival is quite rare. Many of the causes of tsunamis, such as an earthquake under the sea (ocean-bottom earthquake), landslides under sea (submarine landslide), volcanoes, and other causes. Among the causes, an earthquake under the sea is the most frequent and most dangerous. Underwater landslides with landslide size of the continent is also dangerous, but the effectiveness of the tsunami due to undersea mudslides is still far below the effectiveness of the tsunami by the earthquake.

Not all earthquakes generate tsunamis, this depends on several key factors such as fault type, slope angle between the plate (dip angle), and the depth of the earthquake center (hypocenter). An earthquake with certain characteristics will generate a tsunami that is very dangerous and deadly, namely :

1) Fault type ride (thrust / reverse fault).
This type is very effective moving the volume of water above the plates to move as the beginning of the tsunami.

2) The slope angles between the plates.
The higher the angle (approaching 90 °), the more effective tsunami is formed.

3) The depth of the epicenter of shallow (<70> 7.0 R) and shallow, but if its fault was not increased, but the normal fault or parallel (strike slip fault), we can be sure the tsunami would be difficult to form. An earthquake with the strength 7.0 R, with fault type rise and shallow, could form a tsunami with a height reaching 3-5 meters.Tsunamis can travel in any direction from the original source and can hit a wide area, even the bend area, protected or areas far enough from the original source of the tsunami. It’s called local tsunami, the tsunami that just happened and hit the sector in a limited area. This happens because the initial location of the tsunami is a region that narrow or closed, such as straits or lake.There is also the so-called tsunami remote (distant tsunami), this is because a tsunami could hit a very broad and far region from the original source.

As happened in Chile on May 22, 1960 triggered by the quake with more strength than 8.0 R. Tsunami with more than 10 meters of the level has caused severe casualties and damage in Chile, Japan, Hawaii and the Philippines. The tsunami waves killed 1,000 people in Chile and 61 people in Hawaai. The tsunami waves reached the eastern coast of Okinawa, Japan after traveling for 22 hours and killed 150 people in Japan.Tsunami velocity depends on the depth of water. In deep-sea and open, the velocity reaches 800-1000 km / hour. The height of the tsunami in the ocean in only reached 30-60 cm, with wavelengths in the hundreds of kilometers, so that their presence at sea difficult to distinguish from ordinary wave, not even felt by the ships which were anchored in the middle of the ocean. Unlike the wind waves, where only moving the upper surface; tsunami waves experienced in all parts of the movement of water particles, ranging from the surface to the inside of the ocean. When the tsunami enters the shallower waters, wave height increases and its speed dropped dramatically, though energy is still very strong to bear all the objects in its path. Flow tsunami with a height of 70 cm was still strong enough to haul and wash away people.
Various types of tsunami wave

As a result of the collision that occurred on these plates will display three types of wave Primary wave (P-wave), Secondary waves (S-Wave), and the third is called Surface waves (surface waves).Primary wave (P wave) is spread as a result of pressure and stretching. Primary wave has a velocity of about 8 km / sec. This wave will be felt first with an earthquake, because it will come earlier than the other wave propagation, this is due to wave with high frequency. Primary wave amplitude is relatively low so that the wobble caused no damage.

Secondary waves (S Wave) is spreading like a wave of water which floated the square. Spread up and down, the wave have the speed of propagation was about 4 km / sec, will certainly be felt more slowly than Primary Wave. However, this secondary wave has a width of oscillation (amplitude) that large, so this wave will have a very large force in the shed building, also caused landslides, steep cliffs.

The third wave will sweep the surface section. These waves are called surface waves. The third wave will certainly be felt within the earthquake. But because the speed is different, these waves are not coming together. Primary Wave will come first, followed by secondary waves. But if the distance epicenter near the second course, this wave will be felt almost simultaneously. if the distance is only 4 km from the epicenter, of course the difference is only a second.

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How an Aircraft Can Fly?

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By nature, human beings were created to live on land. However, birds can fly freely in space has provided inspiration for human to explore more of their habitat. At first people thought that to be able to fly, we should do as how the birds fly. Le onardo da Vinci carried away by the euphoria of flying dreams. Da Vinci created a glyph design called ornitopter, though ultimately not a successf ul tool that enables humans to fly. Before the design is realized, he immediately recognizes th at there can be human with owned power that can exercise control, flapping wings, and navigation in the same time.

Around 1500 years ago, da Vinci has been suggested that in order to be able to fly, it is must done with fixed wing and gave him a thrust. This i s based on the results of observations of birds to fly technique. He said bird wing consists of t wo parts which have their respective functions. The base of the wings of birds are relatively fix ed function which generates lift. While the bird’s wing tip functions to pack and generate thrust. Separation force into the lift and thrust until now used to create flying machines.

So how an aircraft can fly? Basically, the wing was the one which gave the lift which we needed to fly, while the engine just gives the thrust to move forward. So, the easy conclusion is that the aircraft (not space aircraft) can fly because it ha v e wings.

Then, how do the lift to raise the wings? The lift force awakened because there are differences in surface pressure on upper and lower surface. In short, there will be a lifting force when the pressure below the wing surface is higher tha n the pressure above the wing surface. This pressure difference can occur because of diffe rences in air flow velocity above and below the surface of the wing.

Aircraft that is heavier than air was first flo w n by the Wright brothers (Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright) using their own aircraft design c alled the Flyer, which was launched in 1903 in the United States.

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The History of The World’s First Space Program

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It was early morning on April 12, 1961, when a carpenter’s son who held the rank of lieutenant in the Soviet Air Force, Yuri Gagarin Alekseyevich, aged 27 years, helped by wearing outer space. Accompanied by a backup Cosmonaut, Germany Titov, he was escorted by bus to the Site No. 1 in Tyuratam Missile Test Range, now called the Baikonur Cosmodrome, the lonely desert in Kazakhstan.

That morning there was no speech. Gagarin’s just say good-bye, then tied tightly into a small round capsule called Vostok, placed at the end of modified intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, originally designed to launch nuclear warheads. Yuri Gagarin successfully penetrate the outer space on Vostok-1 spacecraft. This spacecraft previously has conducted seven test missions, including carrying animals and equipment, even, several times of them have failed. However, the Vostok-1 then declared ready to take the first man to the space.

Gagarin sang and whistled while performing the examination in a last few minutes.There is also no dramatic countdown. At 9:06:59 AM, rocket expert of the Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev, pressing the launch button, and the R-7 shot up from the runway. Gagarin shouted, “Poyekhali (Let’s go)!”

Rocket drove 500 meters per second at the initial push, Gagarin still had time to joke. “T plus 100, how are you?” said Korolev, who control all the maneuvering rockets. “I’m fine,” said Gagarin, “how are you?” Korolev was not worried about whether Gagarin would survive or not. He was just worried Gagarin famine conditions when landing back on earth. ”In the valve, there is a dinner and breakfast?”Said Korolev tried to remind Gagarin.

”Yes,” Gagarin replied.

“You’ve got sausages, sweets and jam for tea,” continued Korolev this time with a tone of humor.” Sixty-three pieces is enough to make you get a lot of fat. When you come back today, eat anything! ”

Gagarin replied Korolev calmly. “Most important is to have sausage for friends and drink Moonshine (liquor),”said Gagarin.

Scientists that were recording the conversation between Gagarin and Korolev said “Damn, Tools (recorder) is recording everything, jerk,” they said.

After sliding for 11 minutes and 16 seconds from the top surface of the earth, Vostok-1 break away from the rocket. Spacecraft entered the orbit of the earth. Yuri Gagarin tied to the seat belt in the ejection seat inside the pressurized cabin measuring 2.3 meters. Vostok capsules with several tanks of oxygen and nitrogen reserves, antennas, and optical devices to view the earth. Unlike the space capsule of the United States, such as Mercury, Vostok pilots are not burdened with the duty to control the spacecraft. Gagarin’s more like just a passenger. But in emergencies, he could also control the aircraft manually.

Three minutes later, the rocket separated from the main booster. Vostok capsule is now sliding at a speed of 6,000 meters per second. The silence in the control room only broken by the operator sound that every 30 seconds saying, “normal flight.” That situation changed in the ninth minute when the spacecraft reaches orbit. Operator drowned by shouts of Mikhail Marov, one researcher engineer bellow Korolev.

Marov still remember when Gagarin spoke slowly and calmly. “I could see rows of clouds. I could see everything. It’s very beautiful,” he said, reports to the control room. About 40 minutes later, Vostok sped over the United States. Half an hour later, Korolev turned retro rockets, and the Vostok capsule glide back to earth.

The process of re-entry, when the capsules re-entering Earth’s atmosphere, almost turned into disaster. The security tape that connects the Vostok capsule with the service module failed regardless. The capsule began to spin and vibrate, making unprotected part heats up due to air rubbed. “Everything went smoothly,” Gagarin said calmly to Korolev.

Gagarin almost lost consciousness when the temperature inside the capsule rose to dangerous levels. “I was in the clouds of fire that sped fast towards the earth.” Ten minutes later, the security tape was burned and two modules separate.

Capsule’s door open, Gagarin ejected and down slowly with the aid of a parachute from a height of 7000 meters. USSR initially worried, if Gagarin landed, he was still in the Vostok capsule, causing other hazards. In fact, the chair thrower is running fine for six times of the Vostok mission.

Gagarin landed near the community of Smelovka, near Saratov in southern Russia. Two villagers watched as Gagarin was landing on it. He tried to reassure residents, “Do not be afraid, I just like you, the Russians who came down from heaven, and I need a phone to talk to Moscow!”

Gagarin’s flight news spread around the world. Two days later, he became the center of attention at a military parade in Moscow as part of the propaganda of the Cold War from the Soviet Union.

A few weeks after Gagarin’s flight, on May 25, 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy’s speech announcing his country’s determination to send humans to the moon and return safely to earth before the decade ended. Space race began.

If Gagarin was alive today, he’d be surprised to know Korolev’s intercontinental ballistic missile has been developed as artificial Soyuz rocket, lifting the Russians, Americans, and Astronauts to outer space from five other agencies to the international space station. A total of 520 men and women from 38 countries have slid into space for five decades, after the first man enjoy the journey that lasted 108 minutes on space.

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